![]() ![]() In such a situation, the mosquito microbiota has by now given rise to the expansion of innovative control tools, such as the use of endosymbionts known as “symbiotic control” ( Ricci et al., 2012 Gabrieli et al., 2021). To reach malaria elimination, it appears necessary to design and implement innovative and environment-friendly approaches to control malaria vectors ( Gabrieli et al., 2021). These situations might hinder the long-term global technical strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce malaria case incidence from 222 (in 2021) to 23 per 1,000 populations by 2030, toward malaria elimination, 2020]. In addition, the Covid-19 is hampering the mass distribution of ITNs ( Hussein et al., 2020). Malaria and Covid-19 can have common clinical manifestations, including fever, tiredness and acute onset headache, leading to a misdiagnosis of malaria for Covid-19 and vice versa ( Hussein et al., 2020). Indeed, this pandemic emerging from China by the end of December 2019 accounts for 6.3 million cases and 152,927 deaths in the entire African continent by Aug, 2021]. ![]() Indeed, there is an increasing number of evidence of insecticide resistance in malaria-transmitting vectors, and this phenomenon is threatening the success of malaria vector control programs ( Mekuriaw et al., 2019).įurthermore, African countries are taking a heavy toll on the Covid-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, the resistance against conventional insecticides currently used in public health is spreading in the natural mosquito populations. In African countries, the dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria include Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles funestus ( Battle et al., 2012 Sinka et al., 2012 Coetzee et al., 2013) as well as the recently confirmed urban environment species Anopheles stephensi ( Sinka et al., 2020). Mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles are among the most important malaria vectors in endemic regions ( Hay et al., 2010). The purpose of these conventional tools is to reduce vector density below the threshold required for transmission or to prevent human-vector contact ( Karunamoorthi, 2011). The current vector control programs rely mainly on the use of chemical insecticides through the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) with pyrethroids and the indoor residual spraying (IRS) with organophosphates and carbamates. Among the strategies developed to control this disease, targeting the vector has significantly reduced malaria incidence across Africa, 2020]. In sub-Saharan Africa, where the highest number of malaria cases and mortality rates are recorded, this illness leads to a life-threatening condition, especially among children under 5 years old and pregnant women, 2020].įour components are involved in the human malaria transmission system: (i) the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, (ii) the human host, (iii) the mosquito vector and (iv) a given environment ( Castro, 2017). This disease prompts an intense perilous illness and represents a prominent well-being danger in the most affected regions. Malaria remains the most challenging tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, 2020]. This review discusses the likely interactions between the vector microbiota and its fitness and resistance to insecticides. Mosquito microbiota has by now given rise to the expansion of innovative control tools, such as the use of endosymbionts to target insect vectors, known as “symbiotic control.” In this review, we will present the viral, fungal and bacterial diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes, including the bacteriophages. Thus, to achieve the goal of malaria elimination, it appears necessary to improve vector control approaches through the development of novel environment-friendly tools. Unfortunately, resistance to conventional insecticides currently being used in public health is spreading in the natural mosquito populations, hampering the long-term success of the current vector control strategies. The control interventions targeting mosquito vectors have achieved significant success during the last two decades and rely mainly on the use of chemical insecticides through the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria remains a vector-borne infectious disease that is still a major public health concern worldwide, especially in tropical regions. ![]()
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